3Ds - Start by removing dead, damaged, diseased, crossing or congested stems.

Shorten vertical watershoots by 1/2 - Cut at 45 degrees 5mm above an outwards facing bud.

Goblet shape - Aim to create an open-centred goblet shaped tree.

Create horizontal stems - Fruits appear on or near to horizontal stems only.

Don’t cut fruiting spurs - Fruiting spurs have a fluffier and scalier appearance than the flowering buds (see image), be careful not to remove the fruiting spurs unless necessary.

Prune evenly - stepping away from the tree to get a view of the whole tree regularly.

10 - 20% - Aim to remove 10-20% of the canopy in the winter prune.

Avoid taking very large and very small cuts, as well as the watershoots stems around 1-5cm diameter should usually be the target.

Identify the type of rose - Before pruning it is important to identify the type of rose you are dealing with.

3 Ds - Begin pruning with the removal of all dead, diseased and damaged stems leaving a network of healthy stems to work with.

Cut at a 45-degree angle - Always make cuts at a 45-degree angle facing away from the buds approximately 5mm above the bud.

Goblet shape - Be mindful of the eventual shape of the rose when pruning, in most cases this is an open centred goblet shape. Prune to an outward facing node.

Crossing or rubbing - Prune crossing or rubbing stems to prevent damage and disease.

Deadheading - Deadhead regularly whenever spent flowerheads appear, cut above 2 leaflet stems from main structure.